Month: January 2021

The International Standards Organization (ISO) has defined a standard called the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model. This is a seven layer architecture listed below. Each layer is considered to be responsible for a different part of the communications. This concept was developed to accommodate changes in technology. 1. Physical Layer – The actual hardware. […]

There are several network models which you may hear about but the one you will hear about most is the ISO network model described below. You should realize, however that there are others such as: The internet layered protocol The TCP/IP layered protocol The Microsoft networking protocol If you don’t like any of these models, […]

You should be aware of the fact, that when talking about networking you will hear the word “protocol” all the time. This is because protocols are sets of standards that define all operations within a network. They define how various operations are to be performed. They may even define how devices outside the network can […]

A network consists of multiple computers connected using some type of interface, each having one or more interface devices such as a Network Interface Card (NIC) and/or a serial device for PPP networking. Each computer is supported by network software that provides the server or client functionality. The hardware used to transmit data across the […]

Each machine in the network shown below, has one or more network cards. The part of the network that does the job of transporting and managing the data across the network is called TCP/IP which stands for Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP). There are other alternative mechanisms for managing network traffic, but […]