Networking

Three options for connecting over a telephone service: Dial-up connections. Integrated Services Digital Network(ISDN) – A method of sending voice and data information on a digital phone line. Basic ISDN – Two 64Kbps B-channels with one 16Kbps D channel is provided. The Dchannel is used for call control and setup. Basic ISDN can provide 128Kbps […]

The IEEE 802.3 standard defines ethernet at the physical and data link layers of the OSI network model. Most ethernet systems use the following: Carrier-sense multiple-access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) for controlling access to the network media. Use baseband broadcasts A method for packing data into data packets called frames Transmit at 10Mbps, 100Mbps, and […]

Transmission of waves take place in the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. The carrier frequency of the data is expressed in cycles per second called hertz(Hz). Low frequency signals can travel for long distances through many obstacles but can not carry a high bandwidth of data. High frequency signals can travel for shorter distances through few obstacles […]

This section may be skipped by those more interested on the software aspects of networking or those learning networking, but all readers should at some time be aware of the terminology used in this section since they are used with regard to cabling. If this section is skipped by those learning networking, it should be […]

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) defined by RFC 792 and RFC 1122 is used for network error reporting and generating messages that require attention. The errors reported by ICMP are generally related to datagram processing. ICMP only reports errors involving fragment 0 of any fragmented datagrams. The IP, UDP or TCP layer will usually take […]