Protocols

There are two general types of network services, which are connection less and connection oriented. Connection oriented service performs connection establishment, data transfer, and connection termination. Ping The “ping” program uses ICMP echo message requests and listens for ICMP echo message reply messages from its intended host. Using the -R option with ping enables the […]

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is used as the transport protocol for network management. Network management consists of network management stations communicating with network elements such as hosts, routers, servers, or printers. The agent is the software on the network element (host, router, printer) that runs the network management software. Therefore when the word agent […]

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is used to send mail across the internet. There are four types of programs used in the process of sending and receiving mail. They are: MUA – Mail users agent. This is the program a user will use to type e-mail. It usually incorporates an editor for support. The user […]

Dynamic routing performs the same function as static routing except it is more robust. Static routing allows routing tables in specific routers to be set up in a static manner so network routes for packets are set. If a router on the route goes down the destination may become unreachable. Dynamic routing allows routing tables […]

Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is the protocol used to suooprt multicasting. To use multicasting, a process on a host must be able to join and leave a group. A process is a user program that is using the network. Group access is identified by the group address and the interface (NIC). A host must […]